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BI 171 - Fourth Exam - 2008
Answer Key
Each question's number
is linked to the relevant part of the online book, if possible (some questions
relate to multiple sections).
Multiple Choice.
Place the letter of the choice that best answers the question on the line to the
left.
Two Points Each. NOTE: "e" answers are never the correct answer.
___C___
1. Materials move through a mass spectroscope in
a
a. Gel
b. Nylon matrix
c. Gas form d.
Wax e.
Very orderly manner
...and they separate according to mass before feeding out the far end.
___D___
2. Approximately how much more efficient
is the aerobic stage of respiration over the anaerobic stage?
a. Twice
b. Five times
c. Fifty times
d. Eighteen times
e. A smidge
...about 36 to 2.
___B___
3. Which structure is derived from ectoderm?
a. Skeletal muscle
b. Brain
c. Stomach d.
Heart e. Ectostuff
...part of the nervous system.
___A___
4. Ammonia is primarily a product of
a. Protein breakdown
b. Protein synthesis
c. Photosynthesis
d. Fat digestion
e. China?
...the nitrogen part can't be used in respiration, and is discarded with
some "capping" hydrogens.
___C___
5. Which is a signal ligand?
a. Histone
b. Chlorophyll
c. Hormone d.
Coenzyme
e. What language is this again?
...signal = carries messages; ligand = attaches to specialized protein
(receptor in this case).
___A___
6. In reradiation, the frequency changes when
a. Electrons jump orbital levels
b. The radiation passes through a transparent object
c. The radiation is reflected
d. The radiation is absorbed by some atoms
e. The dial is turned
...outer electrons can absorb certain frequencies, jump out a level, get
unstable, and drop back down,
releasing energy at a new frequency.
___D___ 7. The purpose of all fruit is to
a. Attract pollinators
b. Nourish spores
c. Nourish seeds
d. Disperse seeds
e. Be used in gum. Or pie.
...when there's food in a fruit, it's a bribe to get the seeds away from the
parent (and most fruit don't have food).
___B___
8. In both major energy processes,
electrons go with
a. Light
b. Hydrogens
c. ATPs d.
Sugars
e. Anyone - they have poor taste
...Hydrogen atoms easily become H+ and give up carried electrons.
___A___
9. Which would use different
chlorophyll molecules?
a. Algae at different depths
b. Land plants in different environments
c. Chloroplasts and mitochondria
d. Two reactions of photosynthesis
e. Only organisms that could afford them
...the available light frequencies are different in deeper water.
___D___
10. The end of the embryo stage
is marked by the
a. Formation of the three main layers
b. Presence of circulating blood
c. Hollowing of the ball of cells
d. Formation of all the major structures
e. The little timer going "ding!"
...that marks the transition to fetus (or larva, etc.).
___C___
11. Most of the material of ancient organisms is
now
a. Lost as heat
b. Contained in fossils
c. In current organisms
d. Held in ATP
e. What am I, lost and found?
...it gets recycled over and over.
___B___ 12. Which process increases the carrying capacity of an
ecosystem for a species?
a. Alternation of generations in ferns
b. Metamorphosis in insects
c. Coevolution with pollinators
d. Multiple genders in fungi
e. Fanny packs
...it allows young and adults to occupy very different niches, each with
their own carrying capacities.
___D___ 13. How closely humans and chimpanzees are related is based upon
comparing
a. Homologous proteins
b. Genomes
c. Mitochondrial DNA
d. All of the above
e. Fashion choices
...all are used to establish relationships.
___D___
14. An antenna complex is made up of
a. Nervous tissue
b. Connective tissue
c. ATP
d.
Chlorophyll
e. TV trucks
...it gathers light and generates electrons for photosynthesis.
___C___ 15. Auxins in what will be a germinating seed's
stem and leaves produce a
a. Positive phototropism
b. Positive geotropism
c. Negative geotropism
d. Negative phototropism
e. Stem and leaves
...this gets them to grow upward - later, they'll grow toward the light (a).
___A___
16. For the southern blot technique, you need
a. Cells that make a lot of the key protein
b. To denature the key protein
c. To apply significant heat
d. All of these
e. A blot. And someone with a drawly accent.
...those cells make a lot of RNA for that protein.
___B___
17. What's the typical location of a G
protein?
a. Attached to a gene inside the nucleus
b. Embedded on the inside surface of the cell membrane
c. Adjacent to the receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane
d. Moving through the cytoplasm
e. Well, look for the spot labeled "G"...
...they are part of the transduction pathway.
___D___ 18. An acrosome is
a. A food-containing body in a seed
b. A reproductive structure of a fungus hypha
c. Usually full of carotenoids
d. An enzyme-containing vacuole in a sperm
e. Keep saying it: it's almost over, it's almost over...
...match term with definition.
Short Answer.
Pick NINE questions to answer in the spaces provided.
NOTE: if you answer MORE than nine, only the first nine will be corrected.
Four Points each. Partial credit is possible.
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1. What are two possible terminal
electron acceptors in respiration processes? |
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Nitrates.
Sulfates. |
Carbonates.
Oxygen. |
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2. Name two different features that
should be under the control of HOX genes. |
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It's a long list -
anything that is part of "basic layout." |
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3. Under what conditions do muscle cells
generally go into oxygen debt? |
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...major activity is required but oxygen supply can't keep up. |
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4. What are the three major stages by
which energy moves through a food chain, in order? |
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Producers |
Consumers |
Decomposers |
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5. Electrophoresis separates molecules or
parts of molecules based upon what two factors? |
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Size. |
Charge. |
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6. Why don't steroid hormones use
the typical transduction pathways? |
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...being lipid-soluble (because they're lipids), they don't need to stop
at the membrane and send a message through - they just pass inside. |
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7. What are two different ways that ATP
contribute reducing activation energy / getting a reaction started? |
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Pass over energy from bond breaking.
Transfer electrons. |
Transfer phosphate onto reactant. |
| 8. Once a cell is
potentially triploid (there are two sperm
nuclei inside the egg cell), what are two different ways that polyspermy
is prevented? |
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Extra sperm nucleus is "spit" back
out. Extra sperm nucleus
is stopped and broken down. |
Cell undergoes apoptosis. |
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9. Growth in multicellular organisms
involves what two different cellular processes? |
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Cell division. |
Cell growth.
Addition of non-cellular material. |
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10. Oxaloacetate - |
In which
process - step?
Krebs cycle |
Function in
that step?
Picks up output molecule of glycolysis. |
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11. What are two different basic
tissue functions found in both plants and
animals? |
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Coverings (protection). |
Support.
Storage of energy molecules. |
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12. What are two completely different uses that
plants have for carotenoids? |
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Capturing light energy for
photosynthesis. |
Coloration of flowers and / or fruit. |
| 13. When it evolved, what was
the huge adaptive advantage of pollen? |
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...it removed the need for open water to carry sperm to egg cell. |
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14. In a redox reaction, what happens to
the reactant that is - |
| REDUCED?
Picks up electron(s). |
OXIDIZED?
Loses electron(s). |
| 15a. What part of a
sperm is not supposed to enter the egg cell? |
15b. Why? |
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Mitochondria. |
They might compete or interfere with maternal
mitochondria
(which are genetically different). |
| 16. What happens during
contact inhibition? |
...cells stop moving or growing or dividing when they touch particular
other cells.
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Long Answer.
Select and answer completely any four of the following
questions.
Note: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be corrected.
Seven Points Each. Partial credit is possible.
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1. Give the
steps that repeat in the Polymerase Chain Reaction.
There is not a set number, since some steps can be seen as single or
double. Include all temperature changes. |
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Temperature raised
to get DNA strands apart.
Cooled for primer
attachment to strands.
Warmed for DNA
polymerase to make new complementary strands. |
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2. Give three sets of differences. Do not say
the same thing twice with different wording. |
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PROTOSTOMES |
DEUTEROSTOMES |
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Early cell divisions are unequal
(Spiral cleavage) |
Early divisions are equal (Radial
cleavage) |
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Pore for gastrulation eventually forms
mouth. |
Pore for gastrulation eventually forms
anus. |
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Fate of cells set very early. |
Fates of cells remain flexible for
some time. |
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Mesoderm forms at ectoderm-endoderm
junction. |
Mesoderm forms from outpockets of
endoderm. |
| 3. For three
different types of model research organisms, give the
organism (as it's commonly referred to) and give an area of basic
research that they are commonly used for. |
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Drosphila (Fruit flies) |
Genetics. |
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Caenorhabditis elegans / C. elegans |
Development. |
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Mice |
Physiology, human reactions. |
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Arabadopsis |
Plant functions. |
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Yeast |
Cell processes. |
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4. At the points labeled with the stars, attach
the appropriate labels from this list: Violet. X-Ray. InfraRed. Red.
Blue. Ultraviolet. |
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High Frequency \
Visible Range
/
Low Frequency
*
* / *
*
* \ *
X-Ray
UltraViolet Violet Blue
Red InfraRed
More Energy --------->
Visible to Humans!!! ---------------->
Less Energy |
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5. Give four completely different examples
of anaerobic organisms' impact on humans. |
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Production of cheese. |
Dairy spoilage. |
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Production of alcohol. |
Rising of dough. |
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Digestive symbionts. |
Production of yogurt. |
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Diseases from bacterial toxins. |
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| 6. What are the
four "zones" in a typical fungus, and what is the basic
purpose of each? |
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Extension - moving into new area. |
Production - growth. |
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Aged - partly of fully shut-down in
low-nutrient area. |
Fruiting - production of spores. |
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7. Give four basic steps of glycolysis.
They don't have to be in-a-row consecutive, but they do need to be in
proper order. |
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Glucose is phosphorylated (from ATP)
on non-ring Carbon. |
Glucose modified to fructose, with 2nd
non-ring Carbon |
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New non-ring Carbon is phosphorylated
(from ATP). |
Molecule splits into two 3-Carbon
molecules, each with phosphate. |
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Each molecule picks up another free
phosphate. |
4 phosphates used to produce 4 ATPs. |
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3-Carbon molecules lose carbon
dioxide. |
2-Carbon molecules pick up Coenzyme a. |
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8. For the two steps of photosynthesis, give the
names of the steps and for each, list all of the types of energy
and/or materials input and output. |
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First Step - Light-Dependent Reaction. |
Input -
Light, Water. |
| Output -
ATP, Oxygen. |
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Second Step - Light-Independent Reaction |
Input -
ATP, Carbon Dioxide. |
| Output -
Glucose. |
NO KEY FOR BONUS QUESTIONS.
Answer as many or as few as you wish. You can't lose points on
the rest of the exam by getting these wrong. Partial credit is possible.
What class of vitamins are sources for the main electron carriers? Three Points.
What exactly do the microwaves in a microwave oven interact with? Three Points.
What nutrient do plants require to make ferredoxin? Three Points.
In plants, there's the P700 and P680 systems. What do those numbers represent?
Three Points.
Land plants generally use fungus symbionts to help them do what? Three Points.
What life cycle feature do most uric-acid-producing animals have? Three Points.
What shape is a human blastula (Two Points), and why is it that shape (Three
Points)?
What is the "natural" purpose of restriction enzymes? Three Points.
For Polymerase Chain Reaction, where did the original polymerase come from?
Three Points.
Why is a gene for antibiotic resistance a good marker gene in the production of
recombinants? Three Points.
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