BI 171 - Third Exam - 2001
Multiple Choice.
Place the letter of the choice that best answers the question on the line to the left.
Two Points Each. NOTE: "e" answers are never the correct answer.
___A___ 1. Which are parts of a chloroplast?
a. Grana & stroma
b. Glycerol & permease
c. Mitochondria & endoplasmic reticulum
d. Fluid & mosaic
e. The top part and the right side
...just part of the parts you need to know...
___A___ 2. The most common autotrophs are
a. Plants b. Animals c. Fungi d. Viruses
e. Those that use regular unleaded gasoline
...it's both true and the only choice that are autotrophs
(although bacteria and protists can be, too)
___C___ 3. Some hormones attach to receptors well inside their target cell.
Those hormones are
a. Isoosmotic
b. Being actively transported
c. Lipid-soluble
d. Used in respiration
e. Always on the doorman's list
...the question is, how do they get in there? ...By
dissolving
through the lipid membrane.
___D___ 4. Respiration in most eukaryotes follows this pattern:
a. All stages in cytoplasm
b. All stages in mitochondria
c. First stage in mitochondria, second stage in cytoplasm
d. First stage in cytoplasm, second stage in mitochondria
e. In with the good air, out with the bad air...
...the eukaryote part leads to aerobic, and then you need to
know where the process pieces take place.
___A___5. A molecule which gives up Hydrogen atoms would be
a. Reducing
b. Oxidizing
c. Desaturating
d. Reaching equilibrium
e. Thought of as generous only by very strange people
...first, remember that Hydrogens are used as a way to move
electrons; if they're given up, the molecule is oxidizing.
Put another way, it could also be a reducing agent, giving
electron to other molecules.
___D___6. Which factors affect the fluidity of the molecules of a cell membrane?
a. Attachment to the cell wall
b. Association with the nuclear envelope
c. Phospholipid "heads" and cholesterol
d. Phospholipid "tails" and cholesterol
e. How much they've had to drink and their last bathroom break
...the "kinks" in the tails determine how much room they have
to
move around.
___A___7. Group translocation involves
a. Enzymes
b. Krebs Cycle
c. Food webs
d. Light interaction
e. Changing cliques in high school
...enzymes that also transport things through membranes.
___C___8. Which are primary "players" in electron transport chains?
a. ATP & ADP
b. ATP & GTP
c. NADH & FADH2
d. Glucose & oxygen
e. I'll wait for the CD to come out...
...the electron (hydrogen) donators / carriers.
___A___9. A system that can exchange energy but not matter beyond its boundaries is
a. Closed
b. Open
c. Isolated
d. Insulated
e. Never going to get a decent date
...just have to remember the definitions.
___C___10. In the lab exercise, the heavy salt solution was ________ to the cell's contents
a. Isotonic
b. Hypotonic
c. Hypertonic
d. Megatonic
e. Tasty
...less fluid, more dissolved particles.
___B___11. A final product of protein metabolism is
a. Sugar
b. Ammonia
c. Nitrate
d. Sulfate
e. Increased self-esteem
...the final "leftover" of nitrogen-containing molecules fed
into
respiratory pathways.
___B___12. The environments of chemoautotrophs usually have what feature in common?
a. Excessive sunlight
b. High temperature
c. No carbon dioxide
d. Low temperature
e. No major fat-food restaurants
...the heat supplies the energy used to construct "fuel" molecules
___C___13. The First Law of Thermodynamics involves
a. Conservation of energy only
b. Conservation of matter only
c. Conservation of energy and matter
d. Entropy
e. Nothing you would ever need to have your right read about
...from Einstein, they're all the same "stuff"
___A___14. Freeze fracture techniques have been used to analyze
a. Membrane structure b. Respiration pathways
c. Photosynthesis d. Radiation effects
e. Ice-maker performance
...freezing and "cracking" can open the inside of a membrane.
___B___15. Which is more likely to have double bonds in the molecules?
a. Petroleum
b. Corn oil
c. Pork fat
d. All of these
e. There's really an answer to this?
...unsaturated fats are linked to plant oils.
___C___16. Which is true in the comparison of aerobic versus anaerobic respiration?
a. Only aerobic can produce carbon dioxide
b. Only anaerobic requires a final hydrogen acceptor
c. Aerobic is much more efficient
d. All of these are true
e. How come there's never the answer I'm looking for?
...a applies to both, b to aerobic; aerobic gets way
more ATPs from
the same fuel.
___C___17. As ammonia is produced by a cell's metabolism, it leaves the cell into the
surrounding fluids, where it gets carried away from the cell. This process is
a. Osmosis
b. Active Transport
c. Diffusion
d. A combination of all of these
e. A whole bunch of stuff in the not-making-sense realm
...don't let the "carried away" fool you, this is about the
stuff leaving
the cells, from high concentration (where it's continually produced)
to low concentration; since it isn't water moving, it's diffusion.
___D___18. The "entry point" of the Krebs Cycle involves
a. A 2-Carbon molecule added to a 3-Carbon molecule
b. A 3-Carbon molecule added to a 3-Carbon molecule
c. A 2-Carbon molecule added to a 6-Carbon molecule
d. A 2-Carbon molecule added to a 4-Carbon molecule
e. Pick a number, any number...
...it's part of the process basics you need to know.
Short Answer.
Pick NINE questions to answer in the spaces provided.
NOTE: if you answer MORE than nine, only the first nine will be corrected.
Four Points each. Partial credit is possible.
1. What are two adaptations that organisms use to resist osmotic pressure in a fresh-water environment?
|
Could be waterproofing as in fish
scales & skin, confinement within barriers like cell walls, water
pumping like contractile vacuoles
|
| 2. How exactly is the oxygen used in aerobic respiration? What does it do in the process?
...it provides a place to put the Hydrogens that feed through the electron transport chain (and produces water) |
| 3. Explain how an exergonic reaction occurs in terms of activation energy.
...once
started, they continue to supply activation energy to keep the
reaction going. |
4. What are the four fundamental energy generators in the universe?
|
STRONG FORCE |
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY |
|
WEAK FORCE |
GRAVITY |
5. What are two possible "waste" products from respiration in anaerobic organisms?
|
...COULD
BE CARBON DIOXIDE, LACTIC ACID, ALCOHOL, PROPIONIC ACID, ETC. |
6. What are the two basic types of coupled reactions?
|
COUPLED IN SEQUENCE |
TRANSFER GROUPS BETWEEN THEM |
| 7. Stronger, harder-to-break chemical bonds actually contain less energy than those that are
weaker and easier to break. Briefly explain why.
...THEY ARE STABLE, IN A LOWER ENERGY STATE, BUT WHICH MAKES THEM HARDER TO BREAK. |
8. What sorts of products, other than CO2 and H2O, can come out of anaerobic respiration? Yes, this is sort of a repeat of #5 with some potential answers removed.
|
|
9. Membrane channels can restrict permeability based on which particle features?
|
Size
|
Charge |
10. What are two processes that commonly require phosphorylation to occur?
|
...anything in a cell that requires an energy input - ATP supplies energy through phosphorylation. Includes active transport, motion, synthesis, even respiration. |
| 11. Transmembrane carriers do not "flip over" to do their work - they can't. Why not?
...they have a hydrophobic domain that keeps them oriented in the membrane, and hydrophilic domains that would have to go through the hydrophobic inner membrane layer to "flip" |
| 12. How is a molecule's oxidation state calculated?
...the electrons on all atoms - stronger atoms get all of the shared electrons - in a molecule are added together. |
13. Lipid molecules are made up of what two basic components?
|
GLYCEROL (3-CARBON ALCOHOL) |
(3) FATTY ACIDS |
14. Give examples of specific (species) organisms that fit "exclusively" into each group -
| Producer: Any type of plant. | Primary Anything
that eats Consumer: exclusively plants |
| Secondary Anything
that eats Consumer: plant-eaters |
Decomposer: Bacteria or
fungi, mostly |
| 15. How is a partition coefficient determined? What sort of test is used, and how?
...in a mixture of half water, half lipid, a material is added, mixed, and how much of the material winds up dissolved in each half used to determine the P.C. |
Long Answer.
Select and answer completely any four of the following questions.
Note: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be corrected.
Seven Points Each. Partial credit is possible.
1. What are four different types of uses for lipids in organisms?
|
WATER BARRIERS
|
LONGTERM ENERGY STORAGE |
|
INSULATION |
PADDING |
|
SOME HORMONES (STEROIDS) |
2. At the points labeled with the stars, attach the appropriate labels from this list:
Violet. X-Ray. InfraRed. Red. Blue. UltraViolet.
Short Wavelength \ <-------------Visible Range --------------> / Long Wavelength
* * * * * *
X-RAY ULTRAVIOLET VIOLET BLUE RED INFRARED
...if you know how colors relate within the visible range, you could have figured this out.
3. Briefly describe what happens during the first four steps of glycolysis, up to the actual "breaking" of the glucose molecule.
| The glucose
is destabilized by adding a phosphate from ATP to its non-ring carbon. |
| The glucose
is rearranged to be a symmetrical molecule with a 2nd non-ring carbon. |
| A 2nd
phosphate is added to the new non-ring carbon. |
| The
symmetrical, destabilized molecule splits into 2 equal 3-carbon molecules. |
4. For the two parts of the photosynthesis process:
| Name | Uses - | Produces - |
| LIGHT-DEPENDENT
REACTION |
LIGHT, WATER |
ATP AND NADPH, OXYGEN |
|
LIGHT-INDEPENDENT
REACTION |
ATP & NADPH, CARBON DIOXIDE |
GLUCOSE |
5. For a either of the main oxidizing agents:
| Name (abbreviation okay):
NAD+
AND FAD |
| Basic oxidation reaction:
NAD+ +
H -----> NADH FAD + H -----> FADH2 |
| Nutrient source:
NAD+ - Niacin FAD - Riboflavin |
6. Name and briefly define the three types of potentials that can be set up in biological systems.
| CHEMICAL | Through imbalance of particles |
| ELECTRICAL | Through imbalance of charged particles |
| GROUP TRANSFER | Through movement of energy-carrying subgroups |
| REDUCTION | Through gaining electrons |
| OSMOTIC | Through imbalance in dilution |
7. Give four starting conditions that will "push" a flux more quickly toward equilibrium.
|
HIGHER TEMPERATURE |
SMALLER PARTICLE SIZE |
|
MORE EXCHANGE AREA / SURFACE |
STEEPER CONCENTRATION GRADIENT |
BONUS QUESTIONS. NO ANSWERS AVAILABLE FOR BONUS QUESTIONS.
Answer as many or as few as you wish. You can't lose points on the rest of the exam by getting these wrong. Partial credit is possible.
Explain the fundamental importance of the concept of E = mc2. Four Points.
Why are they called anabolic steroids? Three Points
How do living systems seem to "get away" with breaking the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics? Four
Points.
The nutrient sources of both NAD and FAD are in what class of vitamins? Three Points.
There are two features of the bony fish that indicate that the group did most of their evolving in fresh water? Four Points Each.
The addition of phosphate groups to base
molecules during glycolysis leads into most
crucial steps. What is the added phosphate
doing, exactly, that sets up these steps? Four
Points.
For Two Points Each, up to 4 examples, what are examples of commercial products that rely on anaerobic organisms for their production?
Copyright 2001, Michael McDarby.