BI 173 - Second Exam - 2007
Answer Key
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Place the letter of the choice that best answers the question on the line to the left. Two Points Each.
NOTE: "e" answers are never the correct answer.
___B___ 1. Which two work in very similar ways?
a. Sexual selection and asexual selection
b. Founder effect and bottleneck effect
c. Muscular movement and ciliary movement d. Oxygen debt and nutritional debt
e. Taking this class and repeatedly whacking a wall with your head
...both involve small groups with limited gene pools giving rise to larger populations.
___C___ 2. What feature virtually always appears along with bilateral symmetry?
a. Endoskeleton b. Exoskeleton
c. Cephalization
d. Metanephridia e. A love of pie
...bilateral locomotion tends to be
single-directional, associated with a leading or
"head" end.
___C___ 3. Which is an allowable species name?
a. Greysius Anatomus b.
lawius norderus c. Desperatus housewivius
d.
idolus Americanus e. I have got to get out of the house more...
___C___ 4. Typically, invertebrate integument
a. Has both dermis and epidermis b. Has dermis but not epidermis
c. Has epidermis but not dermis d. Has neither epidermis nor dermis
e. Has too many "in's"
...the first type studied was vertebrate, with two
layers; the outer layer, it makes sense,
would be there in any configuration.
___D___5. Terrestrial animals that move into aquatic niches still breathe air because of their
a. Temperature regulation b. Circulation systems c. Excretory processes
d. Metabolic rates e. Inability to cancel the contract
...once a metabolism has adapted to the significantly
higher oxygen in air, it's tough
to get by on the tiny amount dissolve in water.
___D___6. Which process involves a homeotic or HOX gene?
a. Reproductive behavior b. Digestive chemistry c. Blood clotting
d. Leg placement e. Homeys got a gene named after them?
...you're looking for a "basic layout" process.
___C___7. The reliable way to decide whether reproductive structures are associated with male gender or female gender is to inspect the
a. Copulatory structures b. Packaging glands
c. Gametes produced
d. All of these are equally reliable e. Little box on the driver's license
...it ultimately comes down to the type of sex cells made - the other stuf is only sometimes even there.
___A___ 8. Antennal glands are primarily part of which function?
a. Excretion b. Sensory c. Digestion d. Circulatory e. Long and wiggly
...they do this for crustaceans.___U___9. Which are most likely to be osmotic conformers?
a. Freshwater animals
b. Marine animals c. Land animals d. All are equally likely
e. Those that give in to osmotic peer pressure
...only one could possibly match the water level of cells.
___D___10. Cephalization is usually associated with
a. Ectoderm b. Endoderm c. Radial symmetry
d. Bilateral symmetry
e. The weird spellings list
...occasionally different versions of the same question slip through - they're not supposed to...
___B___11. Which structures should be mostly derived from mesoderm?
a. Lungs and stomach
b. Muscles and kidneys c. Brain and internal skeleton
d. Spinal cord and dermis e. Isn't asking about their derivation discriminatory?
...you need to know what systems come from which germ layers.
___C___12. Which is least likely to ever be found in an open circulatory system?
a. Arteries b. Veins c. Capillaries d. Heart e. Closed-isity
...there might be big vessels going into or out of a
heart, but the little distribution tubes would
not be there.
___D___13. If the same key feature in two subgroups is derived, the overall group is
a. Homologous b. Analogous c. Monophyletic d. Polyphyletic e. Not riding the bus
...this means the feature was not in the common
ancestor - the two groups do not share an ancestor
that's part of their group.
___C___14. A critical feature found usually in closed circulatory systems but not open systems is transport of
a. Digestion-derived nutrients b. Metabolic wastes c. Oxygen
d. Hormones e. Blood?
...that's why a less efficient system is okay -
it's not carrying the most critical nutrient (or the animal
has fairly small oxygen needs).
___C___15. Calcification occurs when
a. Embryonic layers differentiate b. Exoskeletons are prepared for a molt
c. Large invasive organisms are isolated d. Muscle fibers interact
e. You let a glass of milk sit out overnight
...it is a way of isolating them from the tissues when
they're too big to kill with white blood cell
responses.
___A___16. The term serial homology is generally applied to
a. Appendages b. Classification c. Excretory structures
d. Circulatory structures e. Breakfast
...appendages often are in a sequence of similar repeating structures.
___D___17. By the most recent method, which would be used to determine a species?
a. Breeding offspring of crosses to see if they're sterile b. Comparing the earliest embryos
c. Checking fine details on anatomy
d. Observing reproductive behavior out in the natural environment
e. Checking the Wikipedia entry
...they isolate / identify themselves (or don't).
___C___18. A notochord's two functions are in which areas?
a. Integumentary and sensory b. Relaying nerve messages and muscular
c. Skeletal and embryological development d. Pumping and waste removal from blood
e. As a question, utter confusion and absolute despair
...they flex against muscles or release chemicals that bring about the formation of the spinal cord.
SHORT ANSWER.
Pick TEN Questions to answer in the spaces provided.
NOTE: if you answer MORE than ten, only the first ten will be corrected.
Four Points each. Partial credit is possible.
| 1. Describe (don't just give a label!) how two different types of asexual reproduction work. | |
|
Splitting into two equal-sized offspring
(binary fission) Splitting into many equal-sized offsrping (multiple fission) |
Producing an
offspring much smaller than the original (budding) Breaking off a piece or pieces purposely to grow other individuals from them (fragmentation) |
| 2. Briefly explain how daily torpor works.
...an animal has a period every day where it settles in and its body temperature drops significantly. |
| 3. Put in proper order from largest to smallest: Class, Family, Genus, Kingdom, Order, Phylum, Species, Suborder, Superclass. (Notice the numbers go across!) | ||
| 1 Kingdom | 2 Phylum | 3 Superclass |
| 4 Class | 5 Order | 6 Suborder |
| 7 Family | 8 Genus | 9 Species |
| 4. What's it mean if a Phylum is monoecious?
...in the entire group, individuals are simultaneously male and female. |
| 5. Define what numeric radial symmetry is.
...there is a round "pie-slice" pattern with a set number of "slices." |
| 6. What are the two major functions of the lymphatic system? | |
|
Pick up tissue fluid / leaked plasma |
Provide staging areas / way back to blood for white blood cells |
| 7. What are two different adaptations that maintain osmotic homeostasis in freshwater animals? | |
|
Pump water out |
Waterproofing |
| 8. Why, exactly, would a crocodile resting on a sunny beach be holding its mouth open?
...it's using evaporative cooling to keep from getting too warm. |
| 9. Give two sets of differences (and don't use the same one twice, reworded) between - | |
| DEUTEROSTOMES | PROTOSTOMES |
| Embryo cells divide evenly / radial cleavage | Embryo cells divide unevenly / spiral cleavage |
| Pore in early embryo will be anus | Pore will be mouth |
| Cells have fates set almost immediately | Cells have flexible fates for quite a while |
| Mesoderm forms as outpockets of endoderm | Mesoderm forms where endoderm meets ectoderm |
| 10. What are the three steps (in order) that most excretory systems use to remove wastes from the blood? | ||
| Blood / fluid is filtered, losing small particles | Lost particles that are needed are taken back | Larger (unfiltered) waste particles are moved into urine |
| 11. What general conditions seem to bring about an apparent lack of evolutionary change,
even over long periods of time?
...environments (or microenvironments) that are very stable over time. Organisms well-adapted to them have little evolutionary pressure. |
| 12. Supplementary air sacs can serve two very different purposes. What are they? | |
| Used for respiration | Used for weight reduction |
| 13. What are two different classes of regulatory molecules found in vertebrate blood? | |
|
Hormones. Osmotic adjusters. |
Immunological
molecules (sort of regulatory). Clotting molecules. Enzymes. |
| 14. What are two events for which meiosis can be delayed in egg cell production? | |
| Deposition of yolk / food in the cell | Entrance of
sperm with blockage of any others. Improper environment conditions for offspring. |
| 15. What are two features (other than specific permeabilities) than respiratory surfaces tend to have in common? | |
| Must be thin | Need to be wet |
| 16. Vertebrate blood commonly carries two dissolved materials that are, for all metabolic purposes, chemically inactive. What are they? | |
| Albumin - used to adjust dilution, so just takes up space | Nitrogen - in air, just dissolves into blood |
LONG ANSWER.
Select and answer completely any four of the following questions.
NOTE: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be corrected.
Six Points Each. Partial credit is possible.
| 1. Put these labels in the proper place on the diagram: anterior, distal, dorsal, posterior, proximal, ventral. |
 ...imagine some sort of 4-legged critter with arrows pointing at the proper areas...the back (dorsal), the belly (ventral), the head end (anterior), the rear end (posterior), close in on an appendage (proximal), farther out on an appendage (distal). |
| 2. For ectotherms / poikilotherms: |
| Define - Do not generate a set internal body temperature. |
| One advantage over ectotherms- Need fewer calories / less food / less oxygen. |
| One disadvantage compared to ectotherms - Have less efficient chemistry. |
| 3. For three basic types of feeding (not the subtypes of one of the basic types!), give the type and an example of an animal that feeds that way. | |
| Filter Feeding | Sponges, whales |
| Deposit Feeding | Snail, earthworm |
| Massed Food | Human, bird, lizard, grasshopper |
| Fluid Food | Mosquito, Spider, Aphid |
| 4. What, generally, are six different functions of integument? | ||
| Physical Protection | Sensory | Temperature Regulation |
| Respiration | Excretion | Water Regulation |
| Camouflage / Display | Secretions | |
| 5. Describe or diagram (with labels) two different types of countercurrent exchange systems found in animals. |
|
...could be heat exchange (appendage in cold water) or oxygen (gill passing through water). Blood with low levels travels in one direction, water or blood with high levels goes the other - at every step, differences move heat across to cold or oxygen into the blood. |
|
|
| 6. What are four conditions, according to Hardy-Weinberg principles, necessary in a population for allele frequencies to persist? | |
| No natural selection | Random mating / no sexual selection |
| No mutation | Very large numbers |
| No migration in or out | |
| 7. For the three major excretion materials in animals, name each and give one advantage that one has over the others. | |
| Ammonia | Very soluble, quickly removed in water (but very toxic) |
| Urea | Less toxic than ammonia, more soluble than uric acid |
| Uric Acid | Virtually nontoxic |
| 8. For the three cellular elements of vertebrate blood, name the cell type and give a basic function associated with that type. | |
| Red blood cells / erythrocytes | Oxygen carrier |
| White blood cells / leukocytes | Immunity |
| Platelets or thrombocytes | Clotting / coagulation |
No key for BONUS QUESTIONS.
Answer as many or as few as you wish. You can't lose points on the rest of the exam by getting these wrong. Partial credit is possible.
In the debate between gradual and punctuated evolution, what fact guaranteed that both would be "true"? Three Points.
In what sort of taxonomy is "Division" a commonly-used term? Three Points.
What makes a body cavity technically a coelom? Three Points.
What is the adaptive advantage of metamerism? Three Points.
What circumstances have led to alternation of generations? Three Points Each.
The two major "trunks" of phyla on the animal tree are separate based upon what feature? Three Points.
What two metabolic factors have most affected the evolution of human skin color? Three Points
Each.
What is it about fur that makes it an effective insulator? Three Points.
Why is a flame cell called that? Three Points.