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BI 173 - Second Exam - 2009
Answer Key
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Not
sure how so many wound up "a." That's not typical.
Place the letter of the choice that best answers
the question
on the line to the left. Two Points Each.
NOTE: "e" answers are never the correct answer.
___A___ 1. Very small organisms commonly respire and excrete using
a. Diffusion
b. Contractile vacuoles
c. Cilia
d. Golgi bodies
e. Extreme care
...moving materials in and out is simple if everything's close to an
exchange surface.
___A___ 2. A near-extinction can produce
a. A bottleneck effect
b. An alternation of generations
c. A spiral effect
d. A founder effect
e. A really bad weekend
...reducing the population / gene pool, with all descendants from that.
___A___ 3. An excretory structure that moves through hemolymph and drains into
the intestine:
a. Malpighian tubules
b. Protonephridia
c. Nephrons
d. Glomerulus
e. I'm not sure, but I don't think a plumber could fix it
...only they are in animals with the other two features.
___B___ 4. Which system is most likely to be carrying oxygen?
a. Open circulation
b. Closed circulation
c. Lymphatic
d. Diverticula
e. Tanks with little wheels
...you could say that the "closed" / more efficient part is connected to the
importance of distributing oxygen.
___B___5. Why are there no water-breathing endotherms?
a. Their metabolic energy needs are too low
b. Oxygen dissolves badly in water
c. All endotherms are land-living
d. All of the above
e. It's the bathing - they hate it
...generating heat to maintain a constant whole-body temperature requires
more oxygen than can be extracted from water.
___B___6. Which pattern includes long periods of virtually no change?
a. Uniformitarian
b. Punctuated
c. Gradual d.
Random
e. Marriage
...the evolutionary pattern, with brief flurries of major changes in
between.
___A___7. Humans, horses, and dogs are
a. Dioecious
b. Monoecious
c. Radial d.
Metanephridial
e. Fuzzy?
...genders separated into different individuals.
___A___8. Contractile vacuoles are involved in
a. Osmotic response
b. Excretion
c. Ingestion
d. Respiration
e. Legal agreements
___C___9. The sign and symptoms of inflammation are a direct result of
a. Epidermal response
b. Antibody release
c. Capillary expansion
d. White blood cell migration
e. Doing something that was a bad idea in the first place
...histamines "call in" white blood cells, but expand capillaries do they
can easily squeeze out. That expansion increases
overall blood flow locally, producing redness and warmth, and extra fluid
leaks out, producing swelling.
___D___10. Which one should not excrete uric acid?
a. Spider
b. Pigeon
c. Lizard
d. Catfish e.
My car
...it's typical of land animals producing sealed eggs (their wastes won't
poison them).
___B___11. Nearly continuous eating is a benefit of
a. Acid use
b. Tube digestive system
c. Sac digestive system
d. Enzyme use
e. Buffet style
...the one-way system allows lots of up-front input.
___A___12. Lymphatic systems
a. Carry fluid and white blood cells
b. Surround muscles
c. Are secondary oxygen carriers
d. Surround central nervous systems
e. You made that word up!
...they are basically a leaked-fluid drainage system, but also give free
wbc's a place to hang out and a way back into the blood.
___C___13. According to neodarwinian theory, what does selection
actually alter over time?
a. Individuals
b. Populations
c. Gene pools
d. Cells
e. Playlists
...neodarwinian melds classic selection with knowledge from other, newer
fields, including genetics.
___A___14. Evolution means change over time, but some animals appear to have
evolved a resistance to change, probably because they are
a. In very stable niches
b. The last of their species
c. Very advanced forms
d. Purely homeostatic
e. The animal equivalents of Rush Limbaugh
...if clear evolution is mostly a response to environmental change, a lack
of environmental change leads to little need
for evolutionary change, maybe even a resistance to it for a well-adapted
species.
___C___15. Peristalsis is a type of
a. Respiratory behavior
b. Immune response
c. Movement pattern
d. Heat generation process
e. Peri - of the pear...stalled your sister...I got nothin'
...it's the traveling-wave push, such as in many digestive systems or in
locomoting earthworms.
___D___16. An animal with serial homology of paired legs would
very likely also have
a. Fins
b. Lungs
c. A single heart
d. A brain
e. An inflated opinion of itself
...paired legs = bilateral = (usually) cephalization.
___B___17. Thrombocytes are involved in
a. Antibody production
b. Clotting
c. Histamine release
d. Oxygen delivery
e. Doin' that thrombo thing
...match the feature to the function.
___B___18. Which is a flexible rod used as a swimming aid?
a. Cuticle
b. Notochord
c. Malpighian tubule
d. Pseudopod
e. I just use one of those foam boards...
...match the feature to the function.
SHORT ANSWER.
Pick TEN Questions to answer in the spaces
provided.
NOTE: if you answer MORE than ten, only the first ten will be corrected.
Four Points each. Partial credit is possible.
| 1. Give two sets
of differences (and don't give the same thing with a different
name): |
|
PROTOSTOMES |
DEUTEROSTOMES |
|
Spiral Cleavage (early cells divide
unequally) |
Radial Cleavage (early cells divide equally) |
|
Blastopore becomes mouth |
Blastopore becomes anus |
|
Cell fates are set from beginning |
Cell fates remain flexible for quite a while |
| 2. Normally,
oxygen debt occurs |
IN WHICH
TISSUE
Skeletal Muscle
SUBTYPE? |
UNDER
WHAT
More power needed than oxygen supply
CONDITIONS?
can keep up with |
| 3. Define sexual selection. |
|
...evolutionary process where individuals with most advantageous for
reproduction are most likely to reproduce, pass those traits on, and
eventually change the make-up of the whole descendant population. |
| 4. What integumentary layer
is found in vertebrates but not invertebrates? |
|
...dermis (invertebrates just have epidermis). |
| 5. Put in proper
order from largest to smallest: Class, Family, Genus, Kingdom,
Order, Phylum, Species, Subfamily, Superorder. (Notice the numbers go
across!) |
| 1
Kingdom |
2
Phylum |
3
Class |
| 4
Superorder |
5
Order |
6
Family |
| 7
Subfamily |
8
Genus |
9
Species |
| 6. What are two
different functions of saliva? |
|
Stick chewed-up food together for swallowing |
Do some pre-digestion |
| 7. What two
features are essential to a respiratory surface? |
|
Thin (gases must get through it) |
Wet (gases won't go through sealed waterproof surface) |
| 8. What are two
ways that an endoskeleton is generally better
than an exoskeleton? |
|
Can grow constantly (doesn't need to be molted for growth) |
Can support much larger animals (not too heavy) |
| 9. Show a countercurrent
heat-transfer system with a labeled diagram. |
|
...probably a blood out to blood in system, where heat from body blood
transfers to cooled extremity blood coming back in. You just need
that in a diagram. |
| 10. What are the
two different functions of air sac systems? |
|
Reduce weight |
Increase respiratory exchange |
| 11. Over time,
populations can respond three ways to changes in the
environment. What are two of those ways? |
|
Go extinct. Persist
with no or minimal changes. |
Persist with significant changes. |
| 12. Define osmotic
conformer. |
|
...organism whose internal dilution levels match that of the environment
(only works if dilution level can support cell chemistry, so mostly in
marine species). |
| 13. What are two
behavioral adaptations used by ectotherms to maintain
homeostasis? |
|
Avoid temperature extremes in the open.
Adjust activity times to avoid
extremes. |
Use temperature-stable dens/ burrows/ nests.
Shivering or increase activity when
cold. |
| 14. Under what conditions,
usually, is genetic drift a significant factor? |
|
...population splits into isolated descendent populations in very
similar environments - changes aren't environment-driven, but different
mutation-derived changes will accumulate in each line. |
LONG ANSWER.
Select and answer completely any four of the
following questions.
NOTE: if you answer more than four, only the first four will be corrected.
Six Points Each. Partial credit is possible.
| 1. What are four
conditions, according to Hardy-Weinberg principles, necessary
in a population for allele frequencies to persist? |
|
No Natural Selection |
No Sexual Selection / Random Mating |
|
No Mutation |
Very large population size |
|
No migration, in or out |
|
2. Fill in:
Binomial nomenclature is the term given to rules about naming
________species__________. |
| What are three of those
rules? |
Species names are two words |
|
Species names are treated as foreign
phases - underlined or italicized |
First word is genus name |
|
First word is always capitalized |
Second word means nothing on its own |
|
Second word is never capitalized |
Abbreviated with genus initial and
second word written out |
|
Should not be named after discoverer
(possibly informal rule) |
Species considered "representative" of
genus often have genus repeated (not capitalized) as second word |
| 3. What, generally,
are six different functions of integument? |
|
Physical protection |
Water barrier |
|
Temperature control |
Sensory surface |
|
Immunological barrier |
Osmotic control |
|
Excretion |
Respiration |
|
Display - Camouflage, etc. |
Secretions |
| 4. For three
basic types of feeding (not the subtypes of one of the basic
types!), give the type and an example of an animal
that feeds that way. |
|
Filter Feeding |
Anything that strains food out of water, from barnacles to baleen
whales |
|
Deposit Feeding |
Anything that either scrapes food from
surfaces, like snails, or processes sediments or dirt, like earthworms |
|
Massed Food Feeding |
Anything that takes its food whole or
in large chunks. |
|
Fluid Feeding |
Anything that sucks liquids from
plants or animals |
| 5. For the three
types of blood vessels found in closed circulatory systems,
name the vessel type and then give the physical (not
functional!) features that make those vessels distinct
from the others. |
|
Arteries |
Smooth muscle layer; flexible; wrinkled internal surface |
|
Capillaries |
Single cells wrapped around space in
sequence; usually have small gaps where cells meet |
|
Veins |
Have anti-backflow valves, thin walls
but not single-cells |
| 6. For three
distinctly different methods of movement found in animals, name
the type and briefly describe how movement is brought about. |
|
Ameboid |
Crawling with pseudopods |
|
Ciliary / flagellar |
Cells or materials driven by moving
cell extensions |
|
Muscular |
Muscle tissues generally contract to
pull structures |
| 7. Put these labels in
the proper place on the diagram: anterior, distal, dorsal, posterior,
proximal, ventral. |
| There was a paste-up drawing of
some sort of animal with arrows pointing at different parts. |
BONUS QUESTIONS.
Answer as many or as few as you wish. You can't
lose points on the rest of the exam by getting these wrong. Partial credit is
possible.
Many of the Burgess Shale fossils in Canada are animals that have no modern
phylum relatives. What is the likeliest reason they all went extinct? Three
Points.
To which major type of organism does the "modern species concept" not remotely
apply? Three Point.
What does paraphyletic mean? Three Points.
What makes a body space a coelom? Three Points.
What inversely correlates with survival prospects
in offspring? Three Points.
For Three Points, name a group that routinely
uses alternation of generations.
In humans, the blastula isn't really a sphere.
What shape is it (Two Points), and why is it that shape (Two Points)?
What environmental factor is most closely linked
to the evolution of human skin colors? Three Points.
Why are virtually all small animals
proportionately stronger than large animals? Three Points.
Why is there nitrogen (N2) in our blood? Three Points.
Why is blood a poor food? Three Points.
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