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SC 139 - First Exam 2004
Answer Key
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
On the line to the left, place the letter of the choice
that best answers the question.
Three Points Each. NOTE: "e" answers are never
the correct answer.
1. Which is a clear example of post-modernism applied to science?
___D___
a. Darwin took many notes during his voyage
b. Lamarck saw evolution as a progress toward perfection
c. Lyell explained processes in the past in terms from the
present
d. Leewenhoek developed a non-prisming magnification lens
e. I’d like to whack something with a post right
about now
...look for an idea that was clearly affected by
the culture of the time -
Lamarck (and most people of the time) thought that humans were
God's Great Creation, and saw
Nature's processes s supporting
that idea.
2. Because of Alfred Russel Wallace,
___D___
a. The role of mutations were understood
b. An entire world of tiny organisms became known
c. We have a cell theory
d. Darwin published his theory about evolution
e. I have one more dead guy to remember
...Darwin had been discussing his ideas, but had
avoided publishing to
duck the controversy he knew they would bring. Wallace's paper
with similar theories forced Darwin to get his own out there.
3. An electron beam, compared to a light beam,
___B___
a. Penetrates material
easier
b. Produces better resolution
c. Requires cheaper glass
lenses d. All of
these
e. Just sound more, like, modern, y’know-?
...the beam is smaller, so it can be focused on
smaller things, but it's
weaker, so a is wrong, and focussing is done with magnets, so c
is wrong.
4. Cells seem to have size limitations because, in general, ______
increases
much faster than _______ as cells get larger
___A___
a. Volume...surface
area
b. Metabolism...movement
c. Surface
area...volume
d. Movement...metabolism
e. Spending...income
...it's a physical relationship - size increase
makes the active insides of
a cell big at a faster rate than the surface, needed to move the things
the inside is working with in and out.
5. Uniformitarianism allows explanations for things that
___C___
a. Are very
small
b. Are hard to organize
c. Happened in the
past
d. Extremely chaotic
e. Require everyone to dress the same
...it's way to understand the past by
assuming that basic processes
worked the same way there.
6. Thomas Malthus’ important ideas can be labeled as
a. Natural control of overpopulation
b. The inheritance of acquired characteristics
___A___ c. Ontogeny
recapitulates phylogeny
d. Speciation through isolation
e. Boring stuff that really old guys can tell us
...he was worried about Europe's human
overpopulation, but to avoid
controversy discussed how Natural populations are controlled.
7. Which is an allowable species name?
___D___
a. Johnathanida Edwarda
b. howardus deanus
c. wesli Clarki
d. Johnius kerrius
e. Whatever you can call them and they don’t bite you
...follow the rules: italics (all), first word
capitalized (a, d), second
word not capitalized. Proper name basis doesn't matter.
8. The power of a control test is how it
___B___
a. Repeats the
experiment
b. Provides a comparison
c. Gives better
measurements
d. Works with living things
e. Gives, um, you know, control
...by removing the variable in the control test, it
shows you what effect
the variable actually has in the experimental test.
9. Which is an example of spontaneous generation?
___D___
a. Viruses causing
disease
b. Elephants becoming mammoths
c. Bones becoming
fossils
d. Horsehairs becoming worms
e. Every generation likes to think it’s more spontaneous
...Life from Nonlife. Worms from hairs (which
some folks still believe), which aren't alive.
10. The fossil record in a particular location often
"skips" long periods of time,
during which
___A___
a. That region
was dry land
b. That region had no major lifeforms
c. No evolution occurred
d. All of these
e. The payments were missed and the records were
repossessed
...most fossil beds were once sediments on the
bottom of bodies of water,
but that only accumulates when they're wet.
11. Traits that link butterflies, bats, and airplanes are based
upon
___B___
a.
Taxonomy
b. Analogy
c. Ideology
d.
Homology
e. Splattiness
...they are linked by a similar function -
flight. But it's all through
different underlying structures, so they are not homologous.
12. Sectioning is a process often needed for
___A___
a. Transmission
microscopes
b. Evolution
c. Scanning
microscopes
d. Field Study
e. Orange consumption
...it's thin-slicing specimen so the microscope
beam can be transmitted
through it.
SHORT ANSWER.
Answer any eight of the following questions for 4
Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than eight, only the first eight
will be corrected.
You can get partial credit on these answers.
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1. Darwin saw the relationship between organism types on a
mainland and nearby islands as varying with an extent according to
what features of the islands? |
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How near to the mainland they
were
(farther tended to be more
different) |
How similar the climates were
(less similar tended to be more
different)
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2. What is meant by the term colonial organism?
...organisms
that normally group together, doing different jobs within the group,
but with individuals that can live independently if they had
to. With single-celled types, it's kind of a link between
single- and multi-celled.
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3. What are two features or abilities that eukaryotes
have but prokaryotes don’t? There
are several. |
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Have nucleus.
Have many complex parts.
Have 2-ended chromosomes.
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Are capable of existing in
multi-celled systems.
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4. What is the basic purpose of sectioning?
...this was kind
of already asked in #12 above (that's a mistake), although this is a
different question. It's done so a transmission microscope
beam can go through a specimen.
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5. Either define or give an example of convergent
evolution.
...this is where
two unrelated living things have similarities based adapting similar
answers for similar evolutionary conditions. Like the same
fishy (hydrodynamic) shape in tuna, dolphins, and squid, or a wormy
shape good for burrowing that shows up in at least six totally
different groups of animals.
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6. The early idea that fossils represented species from
the past led to an idea that seemed totally contrary to religious
teachings, but no longer is an issue. What idea was it?
...the idea
that types of animals (created for Eden, which is why it was seen as
blasphemous) could go extinct, implying that something was wrong
with them.
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7. In the classification system of cladistics, when do
family trees "split"?
...the splits happen
when certain key traits are assumed to have appeared.
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8. Two features eukaryotes have but prokaryotes don’t
have. This one should have been
"opposite," so it wasn't a repeat of #3 above. The
difference here is the word features, which means physical
features. |
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9. Briefly define what, in general, confounding factors
are.
...these are items
that are not the variable but which can affect (confound) the
results of your experiment.
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10. Put the following in order from smallest to
largest: Class, Family, Genus, Kingdom, Order, Phylum,
Species, Superorder. Might be best to
work backwards from #8 here... |
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1 Species |
2 Genus |
3 Family |
4 Order |
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5 Superorder |
6 Class |
7 Phylum |
8 Kingdom |
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11. What is adaptive radiation?
...a number of new
species evolve from one starting group by changing to exploit
different niches in the same location.
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12. Explain why the concept of artificial
selection was important to forming a theory of evolution.
...it showed a way
that "types" of living things could be dramatically
altered over time by selectively breeding them (evolutionary theory
just looked for another method of selection).
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13. What is the current biological definition of a species?
...a group that,
under natural conditions, only breeds within its group.
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14. What is the function of homeogenes?
...they affect the very
basic body plans that are laid out during early embryo development.
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15. Name one structure found in plant cells but not
in animal cells.
There are several, but
the one we discussed is the cell wall.
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LONG ANSWER.
Answer any four of the following
questions for Eight Points Each.
Note: if you answer more than four, only the
first four will be corrected.
You can get partial credit on these answers.
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1. Give three points about Nature that everyone could agree were
true, which sets up Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection |
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More offspring are made than will
live to make their own offspring. |
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In any group, individuals vary.
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In different situations, some
individuals will have advantages based on their variations, while
others will have disadvantages.
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2. For any four of the six basic Kingdoms, give the
name of the Kingdom, then enough features to
completely distinguish it from any of the others. |
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Archeans
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Prokaryotes, simple, found
mostly in extreme environments
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Monerans
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Prokaryotes, more advanced,
very very common.
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Protistans
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Eukaryotes, mostly
single-celled or collections of very similar cells.
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Plants
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Eukaryotes, multi-celled,
producers capable of photosynthesis*
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Fungi |
Eukaryotes, multi-celled,
consumers that absorb nutrients through outer surfaces
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Animals |
Eukaryotes, multi-celled, usually
mobile, consumers that break down & absorb nutrients internally
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* - NOT the only group where photosynthesis
is found! |
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3. Give four different materials that can surround an
organism and help produce a fossil much later. |
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Sediments (body of water)
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Sand (sandstorm)
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Mud (mudslide) |
Tar (tar pit)
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| Sap
(amber) |
Volcanic ash (NOT lava!)
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4. The four rules of the Cell Theory - |
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All living things are made up
of at least one cell.
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Cells only come from other,
related cells.
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Cells are the smallest unit
that can really be considered alive.
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Cells are more similar than
different.
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5. Give the steps necessary to bring about a change in
species by Natural Selection. Don’t take the number of lines
available as matching the number of steps - this is more like lined
paper. |
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As an environment changes,
those individuals with advantages under the new
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conditions have a better chance
to survive, reproduce, and pass their advantages
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on to their offspring.
Offspring pick up mixes of advantages, and those with the
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best mixes live to reproduce
and pass them on. Over time, as advantageous traits
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to the new environment become
common in the group, the "typical" individual
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may be so different from the
old "type" that a new species can be recognized.
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6. For Jean Baptiste de LaMarck - name or
describe |
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His theory that
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics -
is no longer accepted
Traits developed through a lifetime can be
passed
at all -
to offspring.
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His theory that
Drive for Perfection -
often affects how
Evolution is part of a plan, all moving toward
a perfect
people still feel -
final Creation with Man in charge.
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NO KEY FOR BONUS QUESTIONS.
Answer as many as you are able.
Wrong answers will not result in points being lost from the main exam. You
can get partial credit on these answers.
What was the third Kingdom
to be set up? Three Points.
When Francesco Redi ran his first
meat - maggot experiment, what was "wrong" with the first trial?
Three Points.
Why are field
studies a common approach in biology? Three Points.
Many of the early developments in microscopes
happened in which century? Three Points.
How is the label we got from Robert
Hooke applied differently from what he originally named? Three Points.
Why was Indonesia a great place
to come up with a theory of evolution? Three Points.
What, according to most books, is the
term "vestigial organ" supposed to mean? Three Points.
What is a likely different explanation
for vestigial organs? Three Points.
What observations led to the expression "ontogeny
recapitulates phylogeny"? Three Points.
Other than make it bigger, what does a standard lab
microscope do to the image of a specimen? Three Points.
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